I have taken 4 different explanations of a concussion to help understand the various views yet similarities.

The Definition of a Concussion:

Mayo Clinic - A concussion is a traumatic brain injury that affects your brain function. Effects are usually temporary but can include headaches and problems with concentration, memory, balance and coordination

CDC - A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury—or TBI—caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth. This sudden movement can cause the brain to bounce around or twist in the skull, creating chemical changes in the brain and sometimes stretching and damaging brain cells.

American Academy of Neurology - A condition resulting from the stunning, damaging, or shattering effects of a hard blow to the head.

Concussion Legacy Foundation - A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth. Rapid movement causes brain tissue to change shape, which can stretch and damage brain cells. This damage also causes chemical and metabolic changes within the brain cells, making it more difficult for cells to function and communicate. Since the brain is the body’s control center, the effects of a concussion can be far-reaching

Symptoms:

Mayo Clinic - Physical signs and symptoms of a concussion may include:

• Headache

• Ringing in the ears

• Nausea

• Vomiting

• Fatigue or drowsiness

• Blurry vision

• Other signs and symptoms of a concussion include:

• Confusion or feeling as if in a fog

• Amnesia surrounding the traumatic event

• Dizziness or "seeing stars"

• A witness may observe these signs and symptoms in the concussed person:

• Temporary loss of consciousness (though this doesn't always occur)

• Slurred speech

• Delayed response to questions

• Dazed appearance

Forgetfulness, such as repeatedly asking the same question

You may have some symptoms of concussions immediately, and some can occur for days after the injury, such as:

• Concentration and memory complaints

• Irritability and other personality changes

• Sensitivity to light and noise

• Sleep disturbances

• Psychological adjustment problems and depression

• Disorders of taste and smell

Head trauma is very common in young children. But concussions can be difficult to recognize in infants and toddlers because they can't describe how they feel. Concussion clues may include:

• Dazed appearance

• Listlessness and tiring easily

• Irritability and crankiness

• Loss of balance and unsteady walking

• Excessive crying

• Change in eating or sleeping patterns

• Lack of interest in favorite toys

• Vomiting

• Seizures

AAN

Headache Dizziness Confusion Memory Loss Difficulty Concentrating

• Behavior or personality changes

• Blank stare, dazed look

• Changes to balance, coordination, or reaction time

• Delayed or slowed spoken or physical responses

• Disorientation (confused about time, date, location, game)

• Loss of consciousness (blackout) (occurs in less than 10 percent of people with concussion)

• Memory loss of event before, during, or after injury occurred

• Slurred/unclear speech

• Trouble controlling emotions

• Vomiting

Find two of AAN information sheets here:
Sheet 1
Sheet 2

It is essential to recognize and properly manage concussions because they can have serious consequences if not treated appropriately. If you suspect someone has a concussion, they should seek medical attention immediately. Rest and avoiding activities that could worsen the injury are typically recommended during the recovery period. In the case of sports-related concussions, a gradual return to physical and cognitive activities under medical supervision is usually advised. Full recovery from a concussion varies from person to person and may take weeks, months, to years, depending on a outstanding number of factors.

Post-concussion syndrome or persistent concussion symptoms (PCS) is a condition that occurs in some individuals after they have experienced a concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). It refers to a collection of persistent symptoms that last for an extended period beyond the initial injury. While most people recover fully from a concussion within a few weeks, some may continue to experience symptoms for months or even longer.

The exact cause of post-concussion syndrome is not entirely understood, but it is believed to result from various factors, including changes in brain chemistry, altered neural connections, and other physiological processes that follow the initial injury.

Symptoms of post-concussion syndrome can be diverse and may include:

Headaches: Often, persistent and may be more severe than the initial post-injury headaches.

Dizziness or vertigo: Feeling off-balance or experiencing a spinning sensation.

Fatigue: Persistent tiredness or a lack of energy.

Cognitive difficulties: Trouble concentrating, memory problems, and difficulty thinking clearly.

Sleep disturbances: Insomnia, disrupted sleep patterns, or excessive sleeping.

Sensory sensitivity: Increased sensitivity to light, noise, or certain smells.

Irritability and mood changes: Emotional disturbances, irritability, and mood swings.

Anxiety or depression: Feelings of worry, sadness, or hopelessness.

Visual disturbances: Blurred or double vision.

The treatment for post-concussion syndrome focuses on managing and alleviating the individual symptoms. This may involve rest and avoiding activities that worsen the symptoms, pain management, physical therapy, cognitive rehabilitation, and addressing any emotional or psychological effects. In some cases, medications may be prescribed to manage specific symptoms like headaches or mood changes.

It's important for individuals experiencing post-concussion syndrome to seek medical attention to ensure appropriate evaluation and management. Recovery from post-concussion syndrome can be gradual, and the duration varies from person to person. Most individuals do experience improvement over time, although some may have persistent symptoms that require ongoing support and care.

Remember if you are a survivor with PCS to keep your head up and take it one day at a time!

CTE stands for Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy, which is a degenerative brain disease that is associated with repeated blows to the head and concussions. It was originally referred to as "punch-drunk syndrome" because it was first observed in boxers. However, it has since been recognized in various other contact sports athletes, military veterans, and individuals with a history of repetitive brain trauma.

The repeated trauma causes the brain to accumulate an abnormal protein called tau. The accumulation of tau protein disrupts the normal functioning of brain cells and can lead to various cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms.

Some of these symptoms may include:

• Memory loss

• Confusion

• Impaired judgment

• Impulse control problems

• Aggression

• Depression and other mood disorders

• Progressive dementia

• Motor skill problems

• Speech and language difficulties

• Suicidal thoughts or behaviors

It is essential to note that at this time CTE can only be definitively diagnosed post-mortem through a brain examination. Researchers are actively studying CTE to better understand its causes, risk factors, and potential treatments. The disease has gained significant attention in recent years due to its association with long-term consequences of repetitive brain trauma, particularly in sports like American football, soccer, ice hockey, and boxing.

Efforts are being made to improve the safety protocols in contact sports and educate athletes about the potential risks associated with repetitive head injuries. Additionally, ongoing research aims to find ways to detect CTE during a person's lifetime and develop strategies for managing and treating the condition. CTE remains a complex and evolving area of scientific study.

Post-concussion syndrome (PCS) is a condition that can occur after a concussion. It is diagnosed based on a combination of your medical history, symptoms, and exclusion of other potential causes for those symptoms. The process of diagnosing PCS can involve some of the following steps:

1. Medical History: A medical professional will start by taking a detailed history, including the circumstances of the head injury, the symptoms experienced, and the duration of those symptoms. They may ask about any previous concussions/brain injuries as well.

2. Physical Examination: A physical examination will be conducted to assess your neurological function, balance, coordination, and reflexes.

3. Symptom Assessment: You will be asked to describe their symptoms in detail. Some common symptoms of post-concussion syndrome include headaches, dizziness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, memory problems, irritability, anxiety, and sleep disturbances. It’s good to bring a list with you to make sure you get all your symptoms across and don’t forget anything important.

4. Neurological Assessment: They may use various neurological tests to assess cognitive function, memory, and other neurological abilities. Some of these tests are draining if you are dealing with symptoms so be prepared for rest afterwards.

5. Diagnostic Tests: While imaging tests like CT (computed tomography) scans or MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) can help rule out other serious brain injuries like bleeding or structural abnormalities, they may not show any specific changes related to PCS itself. So do not feel like your situation is not real because they can’t visually see the issue itself in a scan.

6. Timeframe: PCS is typically diagnosed when the symptoms persist for an extended period usually a few months after the initial concussion.

It's crucial to seek medical attention if you suspect you have post-concussion syndrome or if you experience any head injury with persistent symptoms. A medical professional will be able to conduct a thorough evaluation and provide appropriate management and treatment recommendations. If the first medical professional you see does not believe in your symptoms, don’t be hesitant to search for another!

A subconcussive head injury refers to a type of head trauma that is less severe than a full-blown concussion but still causes some level of impact on the brain. Unlike a concussion, which typically involves obvious symptoms and is often diagnosed following a head injury, subconcussive injuries are more subtle and may not immediately result in noticeable symptoms.

Subconcussive head injuries are characterized by a rapid acceleration-deceleration of the brain inside the skull, leading to slight stretching and deformation of brain tissues. These injuries can occur in various activities and sports, particularly those with a high risk of head impacts or repetitive head trauma. Some examples of activities associated with subconcussive injuries are contact sports or any activity where “minor” repetitive head trauma is occurring. One specific example of this that many may not think of is gymnastics.

Another area where individuals are at risk for subconcussive impacts is within the military.

The concern with subconcussive head injuries is that even though they may not cause immediate symptoms, they can still lead to cumulative damage to the brain over time. Repetitive subconcussive impacts have been linked to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a neurodegenerative condition associated with cognitive, behavioral, and emotional changes. This also provides links to how some suffer from PCS like symptoms and experience without a direct related event.

Research on subconcussive head injuries and their long-term effects is ongoing, and there is still much to learn about the thresholds for injury and the best strategies for prevention and management.

Living with post-concussion syndrome (PCS) can be challenging, but with proper management and support, you can improve your symptoms and live a happy life. Take it from someone who’s experienced it before and knows that it will be extremely challenging yet worth it.

Here is a handful of things to address if you are continuing to suffer. You may have checked off a lot of these boxes but don’t be afraid to readdress things to help improve your life even further.

Skipping on medical professionals, these are a few things you can start to work on yourself but remember to speak with your medical team before making any drastic changes!

• Avoiding triggers!

• Reducing stress

• Work on sleep

• Nutrition plan

• Keep up with therapy at home

• Give yourself grace

• Pay attention to cognitive fatigue

• Join a support group

• Research into upcoming suggestions for PCS

Remember that everyone's experience with PCS is different, and what works for one person may not work for another. This makes it very important to not to compare to others during your recovery. Take time to address the list above in stages, we can’t change everything at once as it can be very overwhelming.

Your best might look differently each day but what matters is that you are doing your best!

There are many different treatment options for post-concussion syndrome. It's essential to remember that every individual's condition is unique, and treatment plans should be tailored to your specific needs. Here are some common types of treatments for post-concussion syndrome:

Medications: Depending on the specific symptoms experienced, different medications may be prescribed. For example, pain relievers for headaches, anti-nausea drugs, or medications to manage mood and anxiety challenges.

Cognitive Rehabilitation: This involves working with therapists or specialists to improve cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and problem-solving abilities.

Speech Therapy: This helps if you are struggling with communication skills such as word finding.

Vestibular Rehabilitation: For individuals experiencing dizziness or balance problems, vestibular rehabilitation can be beneficial. It involves exercises to help retrain the vestibular system.

Vision Therapy: If vision problems persist or worsen after a concussion, vision therapy may be recommended to improve visual tracking, focusing, and eye coordination.

Physical Therapy: For individuals with lingering physical symptoms like neck pain or muscle tension, physical therapy may be helpful. This can also help with balance issues.

Occupational Therapy: Occupational therapists can assist with managing daily activities and suggest strategies to cope with cognitive challenges.

Psychological Counseling: Dealing with PCS can be emotionally challenging. Counseling or therapy can help individuals cope with mood swings, anxiety, depression, or other emotional issues that may arise.

Mindfulness Techniques: Practicing mindfulness, meditation, or relaxation techniques can help manage stress and improve overall well-being.

Be sure to work closely with your entire care team and update them on all therapies you are participating in.

Remember that concussion research is currently ongoing and different therapy recommendations and solutions continue to come out. Don’t be discouraged if you feel like you’ve tried everything as there will be more in the future!

Concussion symptoms can vary from person to person, and they may not always appear immediately after the injury. Some symptoms can be subtle and may take time to display. Concussion symptoms include:

Headache: A headache is one of the most common symptoms of a concussion. It can range from mild to severe and may persist for an extended period.

Dizziness and Balance Problems: Feeling dizzy or off-balance is a frequent complaint after a concussion.

Nausea and Vomiting: Some individuals may experience feelings of nausea and, in some cases, vomiting.

Fatigue and Sleep Disturbances: Concussions can cause increased fatigue and disrupted sleep patterns.

Sensitivity to Light and Noise: Many people with concussions find bright lights and loud noises bothersome.

Visual Disturbances: Blurred vision, double vision, or difficulty focusing can occur.

Memory Problems: Short-term memory difficulties, forgetfulness, and trouble concentrating are common.

Confusion and Disorientation: Feeling confused, dazed, or disoriented is typical immediately after the injury.

Mood Changes: Concussions can lead to mood swings, irritability, anxiety, or feelings of sadness.

Ringing in the Ears (Tinnitus): Some people experience a ringing or buzzing sound in their ears.

Slurred Speech or Difficulty Finding Words: Speech may be affected, with slurred speech or trouble finding the right words.

Changes in Taste and Smell: Temporary changes in the sense of taste or smell can occur

It's important to note that symptoms can be subtle and may not always be immediately apparent, which is why it’s essential to start therapy and see medical professionals immediately. Sometimes symptoms may develop and worsen over time. Once a medical professional has diagnosed you with a concussion ensure that there is treatment protocol beyond just “rest.” If not, ask or search elsewhere for proper help!

The recovery time for a concussion can vary widely depending on various factors. In general, most people with a concussion can recover within a few weeks, but some cases may take longer. Don’t forget, that each person is unique, and their recovery process may differ. Some individuals may recover quickly, while others may experience post-concussion symptoms for an extended period. It's essential to listen to medical professionals' advice, avoid rushing back into activities too soon, and prioritize rest and self-care during the recovery period. If you or someone you know is experiencing a concussion or its symptoms, be sure to find specialists near you for proper evaluation and a recovery plan.

Concussion Connect is a safe place for all survivors. Here’s just a few benefits for joining a community when recovering:

1. Support and Understanding: Concussions can be isolating and challenging to deal with, especially when symptoms persist or when others around you may not fully understand the impact of the injury. Joining a community of individuals who have experienced or are experiencing concussions can provide you with a sense of support and understanding. It allows you to connect with others who have been through similar experiences, share stories, and offer each other encouragement.

2. Knowledge Sharing: Within Concussion Connect, you can find a wealth of information and experiences related to concussions. Members often share insights into different treatments, coping strategies, and tips for managing symptoms. This information can be valuable in complementing the advice provided by healthcare professionals.

3. Coping Strategies: Concussions can have a significant impact on daily life, affecting work, school, relationships, and overall well-being. Being part of a community can expose you to various coping strategies that others have found helpful during their recovery journey.

4. Emotional Well-being: Dealing with a concussion can bring about various emotional challenges, such as frustration, anxiety, and depression. Being part of a community can provide a safe space to discuss these emotions and receive support from others who understand what you're going through.

5. Empowerment and Advocacy: Being part of a concussion community can empower you to advocate for better understanding and management of concussions. Together, members can raise awareness about the importance of proper concussion management, the need for more research, and improved support systems for individuals dealing with concussions.

6. Access to Resources: Concussion communities often share helpful resources such as articles, websites, videos, and books related to concussions and recovery.

7. Questions and Answers: If you have questions or concerns about your concussion or recovery, a community can be a great place to ask for advice or seek answers from those who have firsthand experience.

When considering joining a concussion community, it's essential to find a supportive and well-moderated group where members are respectful and share accurate information. This is why Concussion Connect was created.

Join today!

Recovering from a concussion requires a combination of rest, proper care, and gradual return to activities. Read here on the variety of treatments that may be right for you to help your symptoms.

The challenge with having a best way relates to how complicated brain injuries can be on the individual level. Each survivor may face different challenges that affect their ability to recover quickly. It is essential to give yourself grace and not hold blame for the time it takes to feel better. Being open with medical professionals and continuing to search for the right ones can help make all the difference.

If you are having trouble finding the right help book a session with Bella to help you find the best care!

Concussion rehabilitation exercises should be prescribed and supervised by a medical professional, such as a physiotherapist, based on your individual symptoms and recovery progress. The goal of these exercises is to help gradually improve balance, coordination, and cognitive function while avoiding activities that may exacerbate symptoms. Here are some common types of concussion rehab exercises:

Balance Training: These exercises help improve your ability to maintain stability and prevent falls. Examples include:

• Standing on one leg with eyes closed

• Walking in a straight line, heel-to-toe

• Balance board exercises (Bella’s personal favourite)

• BOSU ball exercises

Eye-Tracking Exercises: These exercises aim to improve eye movement control, which can be affected by a concussion. Examples include:

• Smooth-pursuit exercises: Following a moving object with your eyes

• Saccadic exercises: Rapidly shifting your gaze between two fixed points

• Many more

Eye therapy can be very taxing. Many survivors find symptoms are exacerbated or feel they need to rest afterwards.

Cognitive Exercises: These exercises help improve cognitive function, such as memory, attention, and processing speed. Examples include:

• Puzzles and brain games

• Memory exercises and games

• Attention and concentration drills

There are many apps available to help with cognitive ability. You can find them in “Community Recommends” on Concussion Connect.

Vestibular Rehabilitation: If your vestibular system (responsible for balance and spatial orientation) is affected, vestibular rehab exercises may be recommended.

Sub-symptom Threshold Exercise: These exercises involve gradually increasing physical activity without exacerbating concussion symptoms. They are performed below the symptom threshold to promote gradual recovery. Using measures such as heart rate to create a threshold limit.

Aerobic Exercise: Low-impact aerobic exercises, such as walking, swimming or stationary cycling, can help improve cardiovascular fitness without placing excessive strain on the brain.

It's crucial to note that not all individuals will require the same exercises, and the intensity and progression of exercises should be personalized based on each person's condition and symptoms. Additionally, never attempt these exercises without proper instruction from a medical professional as some exercises may worsen symptoms if not performed correctly or at the appropriate stage of recovery.

Concussion rehabilitation is a slow and ongoing process. Take it one day at a time!