Step into High School with Madison Isaac
Show Notes:
Today’s guest is a very active teenager, horse rider, and dancer. After a few concussion incidents, she has had to make some life-altering decisions, like taking a step back from the sports that she loves. Her focus in this episode is on helping people to understand that they aren’t going crazy when dealing with post-concussion symptoms. You’ll hear about Madison Isaac’s experiences with concussions and post concussion syndrome, before she gives us an overview of the treatments she has tried and which ones have been effective. Madison hasn’t danced a full season since 2019, and she lets us know what that has been like for her before offering listeners her age a tip: look after yourself first, worry about school later. She also shares the accommodations she is given at school when she needs extra time to complete tasks, and how her capacity depends on what’s going on and how she is feeling. Madison’s message is one of hope: focus your energy on the bright side, and don’t allow the setbacks to take over! We hope you tune in to hear from her today.
Key Points From This Episode:
• Madison’s first concussion during an argument with a friend in a truck.
• Her second concussion during an attempt to rope a pony.
• The medication that has helped with her concentration and memory.
• How she has tried various medications, massage therapy, cupping, acupuncture, chiropractic, which has really helped, cranial sacral, and Botox.
• Why it is difficult to pin down what is working for you.
• Why she hasn’t been able to dance a full season since her first concussion.
• How Madison feels about being involved in sports in other ways: it’s difficult!
• The tip she would give others: look after yourself first, worry about school later.
• The accommodations she is given at school when she needs extra time to complete tasks.
• How her capacity depends on what’s going on and how she is feeling.
• Why she doesn’t share her journey with everyone but fills in her close friends.
• How she has learnt to see what her limits are and why she is able to do more than before.
• Why you should focus your energy on the positive side of things.
• How she is focusing her presentations on educating her peers on concussions.
Transcript - Click to Read
[INTRO]
[00:00:05] BP: Hi. I’m your host, Bella Paige. Welcome to the Post Concussion Podcast; all about life after experiencing a concussion. Help us make the invisible injury become visible.
[DISCLAIMER]
[00:00:22] BP: The Post Concussion Podcast is strictly an information podcast about concussions and post-concussion syndrome. It does not provide, nor substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician, or another qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice, or delay in seeking it because of something you have heard on this podcast. The opinions expressed in this podcast are simply intended to spark discussion about concussions and post-concussion syndrome.
[EPISODE]
[00:01:00] BP: Welcome to today’s episode of the Post Concussion Podcast with myself, Bella Paige and today’s guest, Madison Isaac. Madison is a very active teenager, both riding horses and dancing. She started dancing at the age of four and has now danced for nearly 12 years. But after a few concussion incidences, she has now had to make as she feels life-altering decisions, like taking a step back from the sports that she loves.
Madison’s goal is to help spread awareness about concussions and the way they can affect someone. She believes that by sharing her story and with the great support team she has at home, she can help others believe that they aren’t going crazy when dealing with post-concussion symptoms. Welcome to the show, Madison.
[00:01:42] MI: Hi! Yeah. Thank you. So to start, do you want to tell us about your injuries and what happened?
[00:01:48] BP: Yeah. My first concussion would have been in March of 2019. My best friend and I were sitting in the vehicle of our truck. She was in the front passenger seat and I was in the back driver seat. It was March, so it was pretty warm out for me anyway, that I thought it was pretty warm. But my best friend, she’s always cold just in general. She’s always pretty cold. But yeah, she was cold and I was hot, so both of us being pretty stubborn, that led us to an argument on what we do with the temperature in the truck.
We were arguing about the temperature because I was too hot and she was too cold. One of us said, fight me or something. It’s just as a joke, I was like, “Okay. Fight me. Let’s go.” It was a joke. But then, all she did was turn around and I flinched way too hard, and the back left side of my head hit the window of the truck hard enough to give myself a concussion. I didn’t realize until after a week later, after I had all the symptoms and everything else, we went to the doctor, figured out I did have a concussion.
I was told to sit out dance in school, and just gym and everything else, right? I did not listen. We were just starting our competitions for dance, like you said there, I had danced forever. We were just starting a competition season and our first one was that next weekend. I did listen partially. I didn’t do gym. I didn’t do anything – I did school, but I didn’t do gym in school. Then I also, for dance, I didn’t do it in class. I just stretch. Then when it came to competition, backstage when everyone else was going, they run at once and I just sat out and watch them, and stretched and warmed up, whatever else. Then when it came onstage, I went on stage with them. I did it on stage, and then I went and sat back down and rested. I did that for the following four weekends because we had a competition every weekend.
Class recital, that week and after, so it was a solid-six week, probably I did not rest as I should have. I did start to feel better, so I was like, “Okay. We’re good to go. Get back onto it.” That was probably about May, our recital and then we’re just kind of finishing it off. So I was like, “Hey! Perfect all throughout here.” Right? We did all that and then, I was feeling pretty good actually. I thought it all healed pretty good and just kind of forgot about it all.
Then throughout that summer, I had been back to my horses a couple times, but not enough to ever hit my head or anything, and the whiplash, whatever else. Of course, we have our boat and our tubes, we are out on the lake a lot, we are tubing and just go on for it, right? We weren’t really hauling back or anything. So [inaudible 00:04:25] complaining about. That was a lot of fun. But in August of 2019, just few months after my first concussion, my brother and I and one of our other friends who was down from Victoria, BC, we were out in the field, we had just done a whole bunch of fencing and we were just messing around. What we did was, we are trying to rope my pony, not sure what we were doing, but we were attempting to rope the pony. I’m not a good roper in general, so I’m not sure how this really was going to work, but it didn’t in the end. My pony is not like a mini pony. He’s like a decent size. He’s too big for me to rope from my height, because I’m not very tall in general.
But my brother at the time, he was probably six foot and we’re like, “Sure, I’ll get on your shoulder.” I go to get on his shoulder and we try to get up just from like this normally and couldn’t do it, we couldn’t get up there. So we go over to the fence to use that as stability. We get up there and it’s fine. Then he turns around and then he starts to walk and run. I’m not even really sure honesty. But I know that as soon as he turned around and started to go, he lost his balance and then I lost my balance. I didn’t want to break his neck, like grab his head and just – I just break and kind of backwards, right? I didn’t touch him at all, I just kind of sat there. I fell backwards and took the fall backwards with the back of my head hitting two rails of our fence and then taking the impact on the ground of both myself and then Morgan, my brother.
That probably wasn’t a great situation. Then as soon as that happened, I kind of sat there for a second and then I was up and running around again. We didn’t really think twice about it. As [inaudible 00:06:07] incident, we didn’t tell anybody about it. That was mid-August and until, I think the third week of September, my parents had no idea about it and we didn’t think of anything, right? But then in September of 2019, I got a headache and it kind of stuck on for a bit. We called Nurse HealthLink there. They said, “No, you should probably go to the doctor, to ER, just kind of check it out. That has been too long with a headache.”
We did. We went to the ER. They couldn’t really tell anything. They just thought it was more of a migraine. Then a year and a bit later, I still have the same headache. I know we’ve tried a whole bunch of different things. We’ve seen a whole lot of different doctors and everything else, from doctors at the Children’s Hospital in Calgary, to the Neurological Center in Calgary to family doctors down here. Like we’ve seen a whole lot of different doctors for my headaches. We all kind of came to the conclusion that it is a post-traumatic headache with a mix of post-concussion symptoms and whatever else. That’s kind of where that’s at now.
Since then, I have had a couple hits to the head, but no major ones that I believe where it’s big, but I do now tell my mother, if I do hit my head because I know she was not impressed that one time I did not tell her.
[00:07:23] BP: Well, I get that not telling your parents.
[00:07:26] MI: No. Like we didn’t even think of it. We knew we would be in trouble or anything, but we just didn’t think that we should maybe tell them, but it is what it is.
[00:07:36] BP: Yeah. I like your – I partially listened because that was essentially me. I listened because I didn’t participate in any other sports, but riding. So I drop like, I wouldn’t go snowboarding in the winter, I wouldn’t go snow wheeling, like I cut out every other sport or activity where I could get hurt and then I just ride my horse and I was like, but I’m still not listening, partially listened.
[00:08:01] MI: I know, yep.
[00:08:01] BP: Yeah. I took out some risks. You’ve tried a lot of treatments as you had said, even though it’s only been a year and a bit. What worked? Could you find anything that helped?
[00:08:12] MI: Yeah. We have tried a lot of different things to try and get some help here. Actually, I can’t even remember when we first tried it. Everything that we tried, we tried a lot, but we tried a whole different line of medications. I’m on one right now. I don’t even know what it’s called. I can’t remember that. But whenever I am on, it really helps with my concentration, and memory and all of that. That’s really awesome. I really appreciate that because it was not doing very good there for a bit. I really like that. I’m very thankful for that one there, because I am able to go longer with just being able to do things, right? I do like that.
We tried a whole lot of medications there. We’ve tried massage, like massage therapy. We’ve tried cupping, we tried that. We’ve tried acupuncture. We’ve tried chiropractic, which I found has really, really helped, which I’m very, very happy we did that. Cranial sacral, I think that’s what it’s called. We tried that. Botox, I’m currently doing that right now. I actually have my third dosage tomorrow. Seen a whole lot of different doctors. We tried million other things. I just can’t [inaudible 00:09:18] them right now.
[00:09:19] BP: That’s okay.
[00:09:19] MI: Chiro has definitely helped me the most. February of 2020, I was able to have about three days headache free because of our chiropractor and now, whatever he did there, that was our first session with him and then we were good for about three days after that.
[00:09:32] BP: It’s crazy how many things you can try. I get like messages daily throughout the social media, and emails for the podcast. What can I do for this? Well first, I don’t give medical advice because I have no medical training. I like to mention that. The other thing is, I tried so many things. It’s really hard to pin point. Like I don’t want to say, it wasn’t the acupuncture and the laser therapy, and it wasn’t all these things. Because maybe it was all of them helped a little bit.
[00:10:04] MI: Yeah. Played a part in there, but it’s really hard to tell, especially what is nailing it down there.
[00:10:09] BP: Yeah, it really is. As a dancer, how have you been doing now, because you went through and did your competition season in 2019. What happened after that?
[00:10:20] MI: Yeah. I did finish the season of 2019 there. The following season, the September 2020 season, that’s what it would have been. I started it off, I think middle of September is when we kind of start our season there. I started it and it was going pretty good, except I kind of also got the headache at that same time. Trying to deal with getting back into dance, plus school. I was starting high school at that point too, plus dealing with this headache on top of everything else now. That was a big thing for me, but it was going pretty good.
But I did find that I was not able to do as much as I could have previously to my concussion. I wasn’t able to jump, or turn or anything like that and that was a big part of it all. That was definitely a struggle and I wasn’t even able to dance in class. Come January of 2020, I decided that I needed to take a step back from that season. I’m like, “This is like the latest I’ll be able to do this because they can redo the number, they can reduce spacing, they can still go to competitions and it’s fine because it won’t mess them up in the long run. I decided January of 2020 that I would drop that season and just take a step back, and then hopefully come back for September 2020 and then redo the season.
Sure enough, I did drop in January 2020 and I tried to redo it again in September of 2020. I tried that again, but it was just as difficult as it was last time and I noticed that, so I just take a step back probably within the first two or three weeks, I decided I had to stop. Unfortunately, I have not been able to dance since, like a full season since my concussion. I know this last year with like this last season that I couldn’t do the whole thing, I was helping with couple of classes or two, so that was good. I really enjoyed that, but I did have to drop that too. That was kind of one of those things where I love it, but I really just got to tase that back and kind of get things figured out.
I haven’t really decided if I’m going to try and dance again next season or not. I’m really hoping to, but I figured if I can’t, then maybe I can talk with the studio, if I can maybe help with a couple classes or just something like that. I’m not committing to a full season. I can just kind of help them out if they need. That’s kind of where my head game, like there is that right now. Hopefully we can get back in the swing of things, but it has been a hard step back there.
[00:12:36] BP: Yeah. It’s really hard to step back from sports. I can say that because I just didn’t do it and I just kept going. It was really bad for my health, but it’s nice to be involved in other ways. So like if you can coach, or ref, or – like there’s so many other ways to be involved in most sports. It’s nice too if you can, try it and if it works for you, it helps. For me, sometimes it’s hard, because then you miss it more if you’re around it more. It just depends.
[00:13:03] MI: I know. January 2021, I did decide to drop it. I basically just blocked it all out. I know it’s really different for everybody else, but I totally blocked it out. Come September of 2020 when I tried again, I was like, “Okay. I really, really miss this and I didn’t realize how much I had really missed it. After that, after I did decide, I did have to drop it. I played a much bigger role in trying to be there and help out as much as I could. Especially because my mom, she’s a dancy throughout the studio, so I know that was a hard set for me. That first time I had to drop it, because she was still going there and she was kind of telling me everything that was going on.
As much as I appreciate it, I really did, but I also just missed it so much. I was kind of blocking it out that point, but then this last season, I was trying to be involved with the team and the studio in general as much as I could, even though I couldn’t dance. Like I helped out with whatever they needed. But of course, the whole COVID thing, that took a big trauma. They couldn’t do a whole bunch with my help or anything, so hopefully, it can all get figured out there and I can get more involved with it.
[00:14:07] BP: It’s true. It all takes time to figure out what works for you, especially when stepping back from a sport and with all of the brain injury stuff in general.
[00:14:14] MI: Yeah. Absolutely, yeah.
[00:14:16] BP: But you can connect with Madison on Instagram @madison.isaac, which will be found in our show notes as well. With that, let’s take a break. Be sure to stay tuned for our talk on being in high school with a concussion.
[BREAK]
[00:14:33] BP: I just wanted to say thank you. The podcast is just over six months old and I couldn’t be happier with the response. If you truly love the podcast, please consider leaving a tip in our support the podcast tip jar found at the bottom of our episode description. All tips are greatly appreciated and help cover costs of the show.
[EPISODE CONTINUED]
[00:14:57] BP: Welcome back to the Post Concussion Podcast with myself, Bella Paige and today’s guest, Madison Isaac. We are going to get into high school. I did two years of high school post-concussion and it was definitely a unique experience to say the least. How has high school been and do you have any tips for other students?
[00:15:17] MI: Yeah. No, for sure. When I first got my headache, it was a huge step there because I started a new school, I started high school. I was going to grade 10 at the time, now I’m going to grade 12, but I was going to grade 10. It was just huge jump for me because it was a bigger workload, it was heavier classes, it was longer classes. It was everything else. On top of that, I had this headache going on. It was a big struggle for me to kind of get it all worked out, worked out all the kinks. I did get it all figured out there, hopefully, kind of, sort of. But it is hard to get into the swing of it, especially for me, it was, because I was starting a new school and I was – well, everybody was in my grade, they’re all coming up here because it’s not a very big town. But we’re all coming to the same school and we were all starting high school, right? Like I said, it was a bigger workload, it was bigger, like heavier classes, longer classes. It was definitely hard with my headache on top of it all, but I would say, if there was any advice I can give to anybody is you got to really focus on how you’re doing and then working to it.
I know at that same time as I was starting high school and I was dealing with this headache, I was also trying to dance too. So if I could have, I probably would have step back from dance earlier, so I could have gotten school under control. But that did affect me in the long run because come about March of 2020, we were all sent home because we were all having to be quarantined, because that’s been – COVID had really gotten crazy. We were all sent home and that was really hard, because I’m trying to do all my schooling from here and I don’t do change very well either, right? Now, I was in-person and then now I’m at home. That was a big struggle for me. But honestly, I think for me, it worked out good that I had to come back, back at the house to do it all because I had more time to get everything done that I needed and kind of catch up. I did appreciate that.
But overall, I think the only tips that I could ever really give someone is you have to think about how you’re doing and you have to look at your health and everything, and then put school – I’m not saying put school in the back burner, that’s definitely not what I’m saying, but you should really focus on how you’re doing and then throw school in there as well. I know with me too with my headaches, if I do need to go and take a day and just rest, I will do that, but I do also think that I will have to catch up on my schooling, so there is that too.
[00:17:43] BP: Do you have any accommodations at school right now?
[00:17:47] MI: Yeah. All of my teachers there, they’re all aware of my headaches and what’s going on. They are very lenient with that. I mean, it depends on the class and everything, but if I need an extra day for a project or something, they’re usually pretty good about giving me that extra day if I need just to take that test later that day or whatever else. They’re usually pretty good about that too. It’s usually just because I – let’s say couldn’t get enough sleep that night because of my headache or because I didn’t have any kind of study. But I know for me, especially with my memory, it hasn’t been like as great, so I can usually do about two or three awesome hours and just get it all done or sometimes longer. It really depends. But after a certain amount of time, I reach the point where I can no longer really get anything after that. I can still go to class and I’ll still do this. But no matter what, it just really won’t stick in my head, right? It’s kind of, whatever I’ve done, it just sticks and then as soon as I hit that point, it is downhill from there.
I have been able to figure that out and I know it’s been an issue that I really have to figure out myself as well. After I got that figured out, it’s been pretty good. But that school for accommodations, they are just basically – my teachers are all aware what’s happening if I need an extra day than perfect. It all depends on the class and situation, everything too. But overall, they’re really good about that.
[00:19:07] BP: Yeah, that’s really good. I had like half-and-half, where some teachers were amazing because I was in school. It was not COVID when I was in high school. I could get up and be like, “Oh! I need to go home.” Then [inaudible 00:19:20], “Okay. No worries. Text so and so and they’ll tell you what we do for the rest of the class.” But then I had other teachers who are not a fan, because they couldn’t see what I was going through, so it was kind of hard of hard for them to believe that I wasn’t like just being like a sneaky teenager, I guess. I wasn’t trying to cut class all the time.
[00:19:40] MI: I know.
[00:19:41] BP: That was definitely interesting. How do you find online school versus being in class with the concussion symptoms and things?
[00:19:48] MI: Yeah. It really all depends on how I’m feeling that day and how things are going and what we’re doing in class, that’s a big thing too. Because I know this last year, we had to go – it was about April, I was sent home for two weeks because I was considered a close contact. I was self-isolated for two weeks, so I was doing all my classes at home. Then I was in school for maybe two days, and then we were all shut down for a month. I was like, “Okay. Well, that’s a lot of school in person.” Honestly, I was okay with that because I had done two weeks at home already. I was in that routine and it was good because I’m not good with change, so that was good. But honestly, I think it depends – that was probably in about May. We had last month and a bit there in person. It was good in that last bit there, because I was able to get in the routine again and it was good because we were just wrapping everything up.
I think for the core classes and everything, honestly, it’s probably better in person for me because I am able to do it longer, or no longer necessarily, but I am able to do it in class. My teachers are right there if I need help or whatever else. But I do also think that the at-home online, that was all right too, because if I needed to go like five minutes longer, I could. If I’m in the middle of something, I can still work through it. Then that was probably my biggest thing, is that I had the ability if I wanted to continue working on it. Like I had a project one day, it was my last class too and I was working on it, and I was able to just keep going for a while until like, “All done.” Which is great. But then at school, I guess after that mark there, and school is done, I always just head home. I don’t have the motivation after that. It’s one of those things. It really just depends what’s going on.
[00:21:31] BP: Yeah, for sure. That is good though. I guess COVID make school like so complicated and everywhere is so different, like some places were on school for six months, some places work not in school, somewhere online, somewhere hybrid where they go to class for half of the school day and probably a lot to keep track of.
[00:21:51] MI: It’s crazy, yeah.
[00:21:53] BP: Outside of school, and I guess inside of school, but do you explain to your friends what’s been going on with your health or do you kind of just keep it to yourself?
[00:22:02] MI: Well, yeah. That’s one of the things that my friends that are in like my close circle if you call that. I’m not really sure how to explain it, but my closer friends, they all know what’s going on and I don’t hide it or anything. It’s one of those things that I’m not going to go and hide, and just like about or anything, but I’m not going to go up to someone who’s going to tell them what’s going on, unless I am really close to them, then I’ll give them the big update. Especially after big appointment, if I have a big appointment, just kind of, “Hey! This is what’s going on. We aren’t really doing much better” or “We are doing a lot better.”
But most my friends in class, I think they have an idea what’s going on, but it’s also one of those things that since I don’t show it, that I’m going to – they don’t really pay attention to it or anything. I’m not really sure how they see it as, from their point of view. But for my perspective, I do share with my close friends what’s happening and if there is something. I’m not hiding it either. It’s just one of those things I’m not going to go straight up and tell one of my friends unless they are in my closer circle. But overall, I do try and keep everyone in the loop on what’s happening, especially if they ask. If any my friends ask me questions, sure, I’ll fire whatever answers there. But I’m not going to go and tell them, “I’m not one to share a whole lot of detail, unless they ask a lot of questions. But yes, it’s kind of one of those things there.
[00:23:25] BP: Well then, you don’t see it, right? That’s all I always like to ask, because some people keep it.
[00:23:29] MI: Yeah.
[00:23:30] BP: Like a few of my friends like you said knew what was going on, and then actually, when the podcast came out, I got a ton of messages from people saying, “I didn’t realize that’s what you are going through, like I knew there was something, but I didn’t realize like how severe it all was, because like you said, you look okay.” I didn’t look ill really at school.
[00:23:48] MI: No, exactly. Yeah.
[00:23:50] BP: It’s interesting how that can happen. Are you able to be active now at all because you’re not dancing? Are you able to do anything physical?
[00:23:59] MI: Yeah. I am able to do a lot more than I was able to before. I just kind of been able to expand what I’m able to do, and I can really tell my limits more and where those are at. I’m not dancing currently. I’m still riding my horses a lot, which is great. I do know I can’t go as long as I like to some days, but that’s fine. I can still get some stuff done. I am trying to work out a lot more often because I love working out, but I sometimes I either can’t find the time or I’m not feeling like I can. Especially when I’m doing that, I know there are some things I can’t and can’t do. I can’t jump a lot, so I’ll just kind of switch that out with something else. It’s one of those things I kind of work around, which is awesome and I love that, being able to work around it.
I try to do as much as I can, but there isn’t a ton that I can do still, but I do work around with what I’m able to do. If that’s like going to the lake and swim with my friends, or if that’s hiking, or if that’s riding, whatever else. I do work around with what I’m able to do. I try not to push myself too far. I know some days I do that just because it’s just how that goes, right? I do push myself too far some days, but I am getting better at figuring out my limits and where that’s at, so I am very thankful for that.
[00:25:14] BP: Yeah. Well, it’s good that you’re able to be active. It’s hard with the chronic headaches or headaches that are pretty frequent to be active and know when should I stop, like I had a headache when I started. When is the time to stop what you’re doing.
[00:25:29] MI: Exactly. Yeah.
[00:25:30] BP: Or do you not do anything because you have a headache all the time and it’s a hard balance to find.
[00:25:34] MI: It really is, yeah.
[00:25:36] BP: Yeah. I’m glad you’re able to be active at least enough, but it’s like, you’re enjoying it, because I find if you are a very active person, and then you completely stop, it’s a really big adjustment to make and it’s really hard mentally.
[00:25:48] MI: Exactly. That’s what happened to me thereafter, I have to first drop dance. I just kind of stopped everything too, right? That wasn’t great. I probably wasn’t in the best minds at that point either though, because I was going — there’s so much happening at once, but I am able to do a lot more than I and it is hard to find that limit there too, some days it’s hard. If I’m like, “Hey! We’re good now. But then two minutes later, we’re not good. It’s one of those things that’s hard to find. But once you’ve get it, you’re pretty good.
[00:26:15] BP: For sure. Is there anything else you’d like to add before ending today’s episode?
[00:26:20] MI: No matter what is really happening, you have to have a positive mindset over it. Because I know like in my experiences there, I would have a – not necessarily a bad mindset, but I would kind of look on the negative side of things some days. It’s just focusing all your energy onto something bad, if you’re going to do that, then there’s no point, really, right? You just want to focus on something good or the side of it. I know with my headaches, or just my cash experience all together, I haven’t been able to do a whole lot and I have had to drag dance and I have had to slow things down and whatever else. But I am also able to get the word out about concussions. Like this podcast that I’m doing right now. My last couple of 4H presentations, I did those. I focus those on concussions.
I was very happy to do that because I was able to let everybody know and give them a better idea what concussions really are and what they can do. I think the only thing really else I have to add is just look at the positive side of it because if you’re going to waste all the energy on something negative, there’s no point. Don’t look at the bright side of it, because there’s no point in putting all your energy onto something negative.
[00:27:26] BP: Well, that’s great and thank you so much for joining and sharing your story.
[00:27:30] MI: Absolutely. Thank you.
[OUTRO]
[00:27:33] BP: Has your life been affected by concussions? Join our podcast by getting in touch. Thank you so much for listening to the Post Concussion Podcast. Be sure to help us educate the world about the reality of concussions, by giving us a share. To learn more, don't forget to subscribe.
[END]
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